• ECO 181 Introduction to Macroeconomics (4 credits)
• ECO 182 Introduction to Microeconomics (4 credits)
• MTH 121 Survey of Calculus and Its Applications I (4 credits)

• ECO 380 Economic Statistics and Data Analysis (3 credits)
• ECO 405 Microeconomic Theory 1 (3 credits)
• ECO 407 Macroeconomic Theory (3 credits)
• ECO 480 Econometrics I (3 credits)
• 5 Upper-level ECO Elective courses (15 credits)
• Economics Elective at any level (8 credits)

• SOC 101 Introduction to Sociology (3 credits)
• SOC 293 Social Research Methods (3 credits)
• SOC 294 Basic Statistics for Social Sciences (4 credits)
• SOC 349 Classical Sociological Theory (3 credits)
• 8 Sociology Electives (24 credits)
• – at least seven courses (21 credits) must be 300/400 level.

• UB Seminar (3 credits)
• Foundations (21 credits)
  • Communication Literacy I (4 credits)
  • Communication Literacy II (3 credits)
  • Mathematical and Quantitative Reasoning (4 credits)
  • Scientific Literacy and Inquiry (7 credits)1
  • Diversity in the United States (3 credits)
• Pathways (18 – 19 credits)
  • Thematic Pathways (9 credits)
  • Global Pathways (9 – 10 credits)
• UBC 399 UB Curriculum Capstone (1 credit)

View module descriptions for UB Curriculum (PDF 615 KB)

• 9 – 13 credits

• Communication Minor
  The Communication minor is designed to increase the practical experience and theoretical knowledge of students interested in developing a broad communicative skill set to augment their primary academic career.
  The minor will provide students with the latest social science developments with an eye toward how that knowledge can be effectively applied in real-world contexts such as health, business, law, and so forth. Thus the minor can facilitate their communication knowledge and skills to become more effective in their workplace or graduate career.
   
• Economics Minor
  The Economics minor allows students to understand core ideas in economics and their applications.
  There is a balanced emphasis on instruction in theory, economic data, and applied economics. Instructional methods include lectures, presentations, debates, discussions, research term papers, and exams, with each chosen as appropriate to achieving course objectives.
  These objectives include critical thinking, analysis of significant economic issues, evaluations of current economic policies, and data-driven measurements of the gains and losses that must be balanced when determining economically desirable policies.  
   
• Geography Minor
  Geography is concerned with the location and arrangement in space of human and natural phenomena, and with the interrelationships between people and their environments.
  Geographic Information Systems focuses on the theoretical foundations geographical information science, the development and use of state-of-the-art software and emerging technology, and the collection, processing, and interpretation of geospatial information. International Trade focuses on economic and business geography, and it prepares students to critically assess the process of globalization operating in the world today, including the growth of multinationals and foreign direct investment, international trade, the internationalization of capital and financial markets, new international divisions of labor, and the rapid development of technology and innovations.
  Urban and Regional Analysis focuses on a wide variety of economic and social problems related to transportation, land use, urban environment, housing, work and welfare, population changes and migration, and health within a geographical context.
   
• Management Minor
  The management minor provides a foundation 
  in the basic language and principles of business and complements advanced study in engineering, social science, health-related professions and other undergraduate majors. 
  Managers are needed in every organization and in every profession. By gaining an understanding of the basic functional areas of management, you’ll have a competitive advantage in the marketplace and throughout your career.
   
• Marketing Minor
  The marketing minor provides a focused view of marketing for the student with little or no background in business.
  Modules address issues such as identifying and selecting the right consumers, understanding the interaction between these consumers and businesses, and being able to translate consumer needs and wants into products and services. The marketing minor may be particularly attractive to students majoring in communication.
   
• Psychology Minor
  The Psychology Minor is designed to address different standards for Knowledge Base in Psychology, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking, and Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World.  Students should demonstrate fundamental knowledge and comprehension of the major concepts, theoretical perspectives, historical trends, and empirical findings to discuss how psychological principles apply to behavioral problems.
  The scienfic inquiry and Critical Thinking skills in this domain involve the development of scientific reasoning and problem solving, including effective research methods. The skills for Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World in this domain involve the development of ethically and socially responsible behaviors for professional and personal settings in a landscape that involves increasing diversity.  
   
• Sociology Minor
  The Sociology provides students a platform to identify the major research methods used by sociologists, compare and contrast the utility and relevance of a range of methods to the study of different social issues, and apply some basic research methods to the analysis of social issues.
  Students obtain knowledge of basic social science statistical methods and be able to conduct basic statistical analysis. They learn to describe the significance of social theory to society, compare and contrast basic theoretical orientations, and apply some basic theories to social issues.
  The sociology minor allows students to have comprehension of the theory, methods, and content of one or more of the areas of Family and the Life Course, Law and Social Policy, Social Inequalities, Urban and Community, or Work and Organizations. Students who choose among the major electives 
  in our core areas will obtain more knowledge of 
  the major historical and contemporary approaches, theories, and methods associated with the subarea within the discipline. 

All other applicants must demonstrate proficiency in English in one of the following ways. Only scores from tests taken within 2 years prior to the time of enrolment are acceptable.